GM Crop Database

Database Product Description

MON89034 x TC1507 x MON88017 x 59122 (MON-89Ø34-3xDAS-Ø15Ø7-1xMON-88Ø17-3xDAS-59122-7)

Host Organism: Zea mays (Maize)

Trait: Resistance to coleopteran pests, particularly corn rootworm pests (Diabrotica spp.) and several lepidopteran pests of corn, including European corn borer (ECB, Ostrinia nubilalis), corn earworm (CEW, Helicoverpa zea), fall army worm (FAW, Spodoptera frugiperda), and black cutworm (BCW, Agrotis ipsilon); tolerance to glyphosate and glufosinate-ammonium containing herbicides.

Trait Introduction: Traditional plant breeding and selection

Proposed Use: Production for human consumption and livestock feed.

Product Developer: Monsanto Company and Mycogen Seeds c/o Dow AgroSciences LLC

Summary of Regulatory Approvals

Country	Food	Feed	Environment	Notes
Canada			2009	View Conditional authorization was granted until December 31, 2012. No notification or review of this product was required by Health Canada, and no additional authorization was required by Animal Feed Division for livestock feed use.
Colombia	2010
European Union	2013	2013
Japan	2008	2009	2009
Korea	2009	2009
Mexico	2010	2010
Philippines	2010	2010
South Africa	2011	2011
Taiwan	2009
United States			2009	View Registration of MON89034 x TC1507 x MON88017 x DAS-59122-7 corn was granted by US EPA under Section 3(c)(7)(C) of FIFRA (EPA Reg. Numbers: 524-581 & 68467-7). The registration will automatically expire at midnight on November 30, 2011. This product did not require a determination of nonregulated status by USDA-APHIS or a review by US-FDA.

Introduction Expand

This stacked maize hybrid is a product of traditional plant breeding, and is therefore not automatically subject to regulation in all countries, unlike transgenic plants resulting from recombinant-DNA technologies. The approvals table above does not include entries from these countries. Other countries may request notification in advance of the release of a stacked hybrid, or may request information to conduct an environmental and food safety assessment, and these countries’ decisions are reflected in the approvals table.

MON89034 x TC1507 x MON88017 x DAS-59122-7 (SmartStax™) maize provides above-ground insect control for protection against corn earworm, European corn borer, southwestern corn borer, sugar cane borer, fall armyworm, western bean cutworm and black cutworm; and below-ground insect control for protection against Western, Northern and Mexican corn rootworms. In addition, this hybrid displays tolerance to glyphosate and glufosinate-ammonium containing herbicides, allowing for broad-spectrum weed and grass control.

For a full description of each parental line please refer to the individual product descriptions in the crop database for MON89034 and TC1507 and MON88017 and DAS-59122-7.

The inserted genes and their gene products have a history of safe use, and have undergone review and approval by several regulatory agencies. No interactions among the gene products or negative synergistic effects are expected in the stacked hybrid.

Summary of Introduced Genetic Elements Expand

Code	Name	Type	Promoter, other	Terminator	Copies	Form
cry1Fa2	cry1F delta-endotoxin	IR	ubiquitin (ubi) ZM (Zea mays) promoter and the first exon and intron	3' poly-adenylation signal from ORF25 (Agrobacterium tumefaciens)	1 functional; 1-2 partial;	Altered coding sequence for optimal expression in plant cells.
pat	phosphinothricin N-acetyltransferase	HT	CaMV 35S	CaMV 35S 3' poly-adenylation signal	2
cry1A.105	chimeric cry1 delta-endotoxin	IR	CaMV 35S 5' untranslated leader from wheat chlorophyll a/b-binding protein	3' untranslated region of wheat heat shock protein 17.3	1
cry2Ab	cry2Ab delta-endotoxin	IR	FMV-35S - promoter from Figwort Mosaic Virus Hsp70 intron from maize heat shock protein gene.	A. tumefaciens nopaline synthase (nos) 3'-untranslated region	1
cry3Bb1	Cry3Bb1 delta-endotoxin	IR	CaMV 35S promoter with duplicated enhancer region 5' UTR from wheat chlorophyll a/b-binding protein; rice actin gene first intron	3' UTR from wheat heat shock protein (tahsp17 3')	1 functional	synthetic
CP4 epsps	5-enolpyruvyl shikimate-3-phosphate synthase	HT	rice actin I promoter and intron sequences chloroplast transit peptide from A. thaliana	A. tumefaciens nopaline synthase (nos) 3'-untranslated region	1 functional
cry34Ab1	Cry34Ab1 delta-endotoxin	IR	Zea mays ubiquitin gene promoter, intron and 5' UTR	Solanum tuberosum proteinase inhibitor II (PINII)	1 functional	Altered coding sequence for optimal expression in maize
cry35Ab1	Cry35Ab1 delta-endotoxin	IR	Triticum aestivum peroxidase gene root-preferred promoter	Solanum tuberosum proteinase inhibitor II (PINII)	1 functional	Altered coding sequence for optimal expression in maize

Characteristics of Zea mays (Maize) Expand

Center of Origin	Reproduction	Toxins	Allergenicity
Mesoamerican region, now Mexico and Central America	Cross-pollination via wind-borne pollen is limited, pollen viability is about 30 minutes. Hybridization reported with teosinte species and rarely with members of the genus Tripsacum.	No endogenous toxins or significant levels of antinutritional factors.	Although some reported cases of maize allergy, protein(s) responsible have not been identified.

Donor Organism Characteristics Expand

Latin Name	Gene	Pathogenicity
Bacillus thuringiensis var. aizawai	cry1F	While target insects are susceptible to oral doses of Bt proteins, no evidence of toxic effects in laboratory mammals or birds.
Streptomyces viridochromogenes	pat	S. viridochromogenes is ubiquitous in the soil. It exhibits very slight antimicrobial activity, is inhibited by streptomycin, and there have been no reports of adverse affects on humans, animals, or plants.
Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki	cry1Ab-Ac	While target insects are susceptible to oral doses of Bt proteins, no evidence of toxic effects in laboratory mammals or birds given up to 10 µg protein/g body weight.
Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kumamotoensis	cry3Bb1	While coleopterans are susceptible to oral doses of Cry3Bb1 protein, there is no evidence of toxic effects in laboratory mammals or birds. There are no significant mammalian toxins or allergens associated with the host organism.
Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain CP4	CP4 epsps	Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a common soil bacterium that is responsible for causing crown gall disease in susceptible plants. There have been no reports of adverse effects on humans or animals.
Bacillus thuringiensis strain PS149B1	cry34Ab1	While target insects are susceptible to oral doses of Bt proteins, there is no evidence of toxic effects in laboratory mammals, in birds or in non-target arthropods.
Bacillus thuringiensis strain PS149B1	cry34Ab1	While target insects are susceptible to oral doses of Bt proteins, there is no evidence of toxic effects in laboratory mammals, in birds or in non-target arthropods.

Characteristics of the Modification Expand

Southern Blot Analysis

Southern blot analysis confirmed in the combined trait corn product MON89034 × TC1507 × MON88017 × DAS-59122-7 the presence of sequences identical to sequences derived from MON 89034 and MON 88017. Hybridization patterns for the combined trait product were identical to those of the parental lines with cry1F, cry34Ab1, cry35Ab1, and the pat gene probes indicating that the TC1507 and DAS-59122-7 insertions were unaffected by combining with MON89034 and MON88017 through conventional breeding.

Protein Expression Levels

MON89034 x TC1507 x MON88017 x DAS-59122-7 is a combined trait corn that produces lepidopteran-active and coleopteran-active Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) proteins, as well as the 5- enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase protein from Agrobacterium sp. strain CP4 (CP4 EPSPS) to confer tolerance to glyphosate herbicides and PAT to confer tolerance to glufosinate herbicides. The levels of the lepidopteran-active Cry1A.105, Cry2Ab2, Cry3Bb1 proteins and the CP4 EPSPS protein were determined in tissues from MON89034 x TC1507 x MON88017 x DAS-59122-7 plants grown at five U.S. field sites in 2006. The test also included a conventional corn as a negative control and MON89034 and MON88017 corns as positive controls. Leaf, root, and whole plant samples were collected over the growing season, as well as pollen and grain samples at the appropriate times. The samples were extracted and analyzed using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The levels of the Cry1A.105, Cry2Ab2, Cry3Bb1, and CP4 EPSPS proteins in MON89034 x TC1507 x MON88017 x DAS-59122-7 corn were comparable to those in the appropriate MON88017 or MON89034 positive control.

The levels of the coleopteran-active Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) proteins Cry34Ab1, Cry35Ab1, and Cry1F, and the PAT protein were determined in tissues from MON89034 x TC1507 x MON88017 x DAS-59122-7 plants grown at five U.S. field sites in 2006. The test also included a conventional corn as a negative control and TC1507 and DAS-59122-7 parental event corn as positive controls. Leaf, root, and whole plant samples were collected over the growing season, as well as pollen and grain samples at the appropriate times. The samples were extracted and analyzed using ELISA. The results indicate that the levels of Cry34Ab1, Cry35Ab1, and Cry1F in MON89034 x TC1507 x MON88017 x DAS- 59122-7 were comparable to the levels produced in the appropriate TC1507 or DAS-59122-7 control corn. The level of PAT in MON89034 x TC1507 x MON88017 x DAS-59122-7 was higher in the combined trait products compared to TC1507 and DAS-59122-7, likely due to the presence of multiple copies of the pat gene in the stacks (one from each of the DAS parent lines).

Environmental Safety Considerations Expand

There were no identified significant adverse effects of the Cry1A.105, Cry2Ab2, Cry1F, Cry3Bb1, or Cry34Ab1/35Ab1 proteins on the abundance of non-target organisms in any field population, whether expressed individually or as MON89034 x TC1507 x MON88017 x DAS-59122-7 combined stacked maize hybrid. The potential for synergistic effects was evaluated and the data that were reviewed for the individual parental events can be bridged to support the authorization of MON89034 x TC1507 x MON88017 x DAS-59122-7.

It is unlikely that direct or indirect harmful effects to non-target organisms, including threatened or endangered species, would result from the insecticidal proteins Cry1A.105, Cry2Ab2, Cry1F, Cry3Bb1, or Cry34/35Ab as a result of the authorized environmental release of this stacked maize hybrid. There is no expectation that full commercial cultivation would result in a hazard to the environment.

Food and/or Feed Safety Considerations Expand: Coming soon.

Links to Further Information Expand

EFSA

Scientific Opinion on application (EFSA-GMO-CZ-2008-62) for the placing on the market of insect resistant and herbicide tolerant genetically modified maize MON 89034 x 1507 x MON 88017 x 59122

European Council

COMMISSION IMPLEMENTING DECISION of 6 November 2013 authorising the placing on the market of products containing, consisting of, or produced from genetically modified (GM) maize MON 89034 × 1507 × MON88017 × 59122 (MON-89Ø34-3 × DAS-Ø15Ø7-1 × MON-88Ø17-3 × DAS-59122-7)
[PDF Size: 748.94K bytes]

Japanese Biosafety Clearing House, Ministry of Environment

Outline of the biological diversity risk assessment report: Type 1 use approval for SmartStax maize.
[PDF Size: 300.99K bytes]

United States Environmental Protection Agency

Pesticide Fact Sheet.
[PDF Size: 65.20K bytes]

United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

Biopesticides Registration Action Document MON 89034 x TC1507 x MON 88017 x DAS-59122-7 (SmartStax®) B.t. Corn Seed Blend
[PDF Size: 906.89K bytes]

This record was last modified on Monday, May 8, 2017

Product Related Info

Biology Documents

Maize biology document
Biology of Maize L.
General Description

Maize is a tall, monoecious, annual grass varying in height from 1 to 4 meters (Watson & Dallwitz 1992). The main stem is made up of clearly defined nodes and internodes. Internodes are wide at the base and gradually taper to the terminal inflorescence at the top of the plant. Leaf blades are found in an alternating pattern along the stem. Maize is a unique grass as both male and female flowers are borne on the same plant but are located separately. The tassels or staminate (male) inflorescence form large spreading terminal panicles that resemble spike-like racemes. Pollen is shed from the tassel and is viable for approximately 10 to 30 minutes as it is rapidly desiccated in the air (Kiesselbach 1980). Maize plants shed pollen for up to 14 days. The reproductive phase begins when one or two auxiliary buds, present in the leaf axils, develop and form the pistillate inflorescence or female flower (Purseglove 1972). The auxiliary bud starts the transformation to form a long ‘cob’ on which the flowers will be borne. From each flower a style begins to elongate towards the tip of the cob in preparation for fertilization. These styles form long threads, known as silks. The base of the silk is unique, as it elongates continuously until fertilization occurs (Purseglove 1972). Styles may reach a length of 30 cm, the longest known in the plant kingdom. Individual maize kernels, or fruit, are unique in that mature seed is not covered by floral bracts (glumes, lemmas, and paleas) as in most other grasses, but rather the entire structure is enclosed and protected by large modified leaf bracts, collectively referred to as the ear (Hitchcock and Chase 1951). The mature female flowers will remain ready for fertilization for up to two weeks, at which point if fertilization has not occurred, the nucleus will de-organize and fertilization will no longer be possible (Hitchcock & Chase 1951). The pollen of maize, a protandrous plant, matures before the female flower is receptive (Purseglove 1972). This may have been an ancient mechanism to ensure cross-pollination, but is no longer considered conducive to modern agricultural practices. However, decades of conventional selection and improvement have produced many maize varieties with similar maturities for both male and female flowers, to ensure seed set for agricultural proposes.

Reproduction

Under natural conditions, maize reproduces only by seed production. Pollination occurs with the transfer of pollen from the tassels to the silks of the ear. About 95% of the ovules are cross-pollinated and about 5% are self-pollinated (Poehlman 1959), although plants are completely self-compatible. Maize, as a thoroughly domesticated plant, has lost all ability to disseminate its seeds and relies entirely on the aid of man for its distribution (Stoskopf 1985). The kernels are tightly held on the cobs and if ears fall to the ground, so many competing seedlings emerge that the likelihood that any will grow to maturity is extremely low. Maize cannot reproduce asexually by natural means. It is possible to reproduce maize using tissue culture techniques, however, it has proven extremely difficult with a low rate of success (Hoisington et al. 1998).

Classification and Phylogeny of Maize

Zea is a genus belonging to the grass family, Poaceae, in the Andropogoneae tribe, but is commonly cited in literature to belong to the tribe Maydeae. Zea (zeia) was derived from an old Greek name for a food grass. The genus Zea consists of four species of which only Zea mays ssp. mays L. is economically important. The other Zea species, referred to as teosintes, are largely wild grasses native to Mexico and Central America (Doebley 1990). The number of chromosomes in Zea mays is 2n=20, 21, 22, 24 (FAO 2000c). The tribe Maydeae consists of seven genera: two of American origin, Zea and Tripsacum; and five of Eastern origin which extend from India through Southeastern Asia to Australia and include Coix, Sclerachne, Polytoca, Chionachne and Trilobachne (Watson & Dallwitz 1992). It is generally agreed that maize phylogeny was largely determined by the American genera Zea and Tripsacum, however it is accepted that the genus Coix contributed to the phylogenetic development of the species Z. mays (Radu et al. 1997). The genus Manisuris, from the tribe Andropogoneae, may also have contributed to the evolution of Zea mays (Eubanks 1997a; Radu et al. 1997).

Center of Origin and Progenitors of Maize

The center of origin for Zea mays ssp. mays has been established as the Mesoamerican region, now Mexico and Central America (Watson & Dallwitz 1992). The exact period of domestication and the ancestors from which maize arose are unclear. Archaeological records suggest that domestication of maize began at least 6000 years ago, occurring independently in regions of the southwestern United States, Mexico, and Central America (Mangelsdorf 1974). The origins of domesticated maize have been difficult to trace as hybridization events in its evolution are thought to have involved a now extinct wild maize ancestor of which little evidence has been found (Eubanks 1997a).

Germplasm Diversity

A study in 1992 concluded that maize landraces occupied 42% of the land under production in less developed countries (México 1994). Mexico and Central America are the only regions where ancient maize lines, such as pod corn, are found (Mink & Dorosh 1985). The survival of maize landraces has been attributed to the integral role maize sustains in small communities where it has very specific uses for food and other special functions. These landraces have been well characterized in Latin America, and germplasm not yet evaluated is known to be present in the region. There is a growing trend in developing countries to adopt improved maize varieties, primarily to meet market demand. In Mexico, only 20% of the corn varieties grown 50 years ago remain in cultivation (World Watch Institute 2000). The narrowing of genetic diversity in modern maize varieties emphasizes the importance of conserving genetic traits for future plant breeding. Leading the way in preserving maize germplasm is CIMMYT (International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre), which has the world’s largest collection of maize accessions, with over 17,000 lines (CIMMYT 2000). Collections of distant maize relatives native to Asia have been recommended by conservation experts to ensure their preservation for future research (Sharma 1998).

Relatives of Maize

The closest wild relatives of maize are the teosintes which all belong to the genus Zea. The teosintes are wild grasses native to Mexico and Central America and have limited distribution (Mangelsdorf et al. 1981). Teosinte species show little tendency to spread beyond their natural range and distribution is restricted to North, Central and South America (Watson & Dallwitz 1992). The nearest teosinte relative to Z. mays ssp. mays is Z. mays ssp. mexicana (Schrader) Iltis (previously classified as Euchlaena mexicana, Zea mexicana) (2n = 20). This Central Mexican annual teosinte is a large flowered, mostly weedy grass with a broad distribution across the central highlands of Mexico. It does not spread readily. It has limited use as a forage and green fodder crop, but can be problematic due to weedy tendencies (Doebley 1990, Watson & Dallwitz 1992). The closest wild relatives to maize outside the Zea genus are from the genus Tripsacum. The genus Tripsacum is comprised of about 12 species that are mostly native to Mexico and Guatemala but are widely distributed throughout warm regions in the USA and South America, with some species present in Asia and Southeast Asia (Watson & Dallwitz 1992). All species are perennial, warm season grasses.

Outcrossing

Gene flow from maize can occur by two means: pollen transfer and seed dispersal. Seed dispersal can be readily controlled in maize as domestication has all but eliminated any seed dispersal mechanisms that ancestral maize may have previously used (Purseglove 1972). The kernels are held tightly on the cobs and if the ear falls to the ground, competing seedlings limit growth to maturity (Gould 1968). Pollen movement is the only effective means of gene escape from maize plants. Pollen is released from the tassels at the top of the plant and transported by wind to the female flowers located on the stalk. Pollen shed occurs over a 14 day period, with a peak during the first 5 days of shed (Sears 2000). The stigmas are receptive for a large part of this two week interval (Kiesselbach 1980). Insects, such as bees, have been observed to collect pollen from maize tassels, but they do not play a significant role in cross-pollination as there is no incentive to visit the female flowers (Rayor et al. 1972).

Wind speed and direction affect pollen distribution

Differences in flowering dates among commercial maize varieties are small. Cross-pollination between varieties may occur if grown in adjacent fields. The limited viability of maize pollen reduces the risk of cross-pollination, as a receptive host must be found within the 30 minutes that the pollen remains biologically active. Cross-pollination is also affected by the concentration of maize pollen released; pollen produced by a maize crop will successfully compete with foreign pollen sources when present in higher concentrations (Rayor et al. 1972). The isolation of crops using separation distances and physical barriers are common techniques for restricting gene flow and ensuring seed purity for maize seed production. Cross-pollination is controlled in seed lots by separating different lines. The OECD standards require a minimum 200 m (660 ft) isolation distance for maize seed production. This distance has been estimated to maintain inbred lines at 99.9% purity. Physical barriers, such as trees or barrier rows, are also effective in reducing cross-pollination. Detasseling or bagging the tassel effectively prevents pollen movement and limits gene flow.

Intraspecific hybidization

All forms of Zea mays spp mays, such as dent, sweet, and pop corn, freely cross pollinate forming fertile hybrids (Pursglove 1972).

Interspecific hybridization

All teosintes can be crossed to maize and form fertile hybrids, except for the tetraploid Z. perennis. Maize-teosinte hybrids exhibit low fitness and have little impact on gene introgression in subsequent generations (Galinat 1988). The tendency to form natural hybrids differs among teosintes: Z. luxurians rarely hybridizes with maize, whereas Z. mays ssp. mexicana frequently forms hybrids (Wilkes 1977). Molecular data confirms that there is gene flow between maize and teosinte and suggests that introgression of maize and teosinte occurs in both directions but at low levels (Doebley 1990).

Intergeneric hybridization Tripsacum species (T. dactyloides, T. floridanum, T. lanceolatum, and T. pilosum) have been successfully hand crossed with maize to form hybrids. The hybrids generally have 28 chromosomes, 10 from maize and 18 from Tripsacum, and are pollen sterile with limited female fertility (Mangelsdorf & Reeves 1939, Mangelsdorf 1974). This infertility is common in such wide crosses because of differences in chromosome number and lack of pairing between chromosomes (Eubanks 1997b). Maize readily crosses with hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum) with high frequencies of fertilization and embryo formation (plant breeders use maize pollen to develop double haploids of hexaploid wheat). However, maize chromosomes are eliminated from the genome during the initial stages of meiosis and result in haploid embryos. There is little evidence to suggest fertile hybrids between maize and hexaploid wheat could be produced in nature. There have been unsubstantiated reports of hybridization between maize and sugar cane (Saccaharum sp.).

Biology References
1. CIMMYT (International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre) (2000). CGIAR Research, Areas of Research: Maize (Zea mays L.) http://www.cgiar.org/areas/maize.htm
2. Doebley, J. F. (1990). Molecular Evidence for Gene Flow among Zea species. BioScience 40, 443- 448.
3. Eubanks, M.W. (1997a). Further evidence for two progenitors in the origin of maize. Maize Newsletter 71, 35-35.
4. FAO (2000c). Species Description. Zea mays L. http://www.fao.org/WAICENT/faoinfo/agricult/agp/agpc/doc/gbase/data/pf000342.htm
5. Galinat, W.C. (1988). The origin of corn. In: Corn and Corn Improvement. Agronomy Monographs No.18. American Society of Agronomy, G.F Sprague and J.W. Dudley, (eds.). Madison, Wisconsin, pp. 1-31.
6. Gould, F.W. (1968). Grass Systematics. McGraw Hill, N.Y., USA.
7. Hitchcock, A.S. & A. Chase. (1951). Manual of the Grasses of the United States (Volume 2). Dover Publications: N.Y. p. 790-796.
8. Hoisington, D., Listman, G.M. & Morris, M.L. (1998). Varietal development: applied biotechnology. In: Maize Seed Industries in Developing Countries. M. L. Morris (ed). Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc. pp. 77-102.
9. Kiesselbach, T.A. (1980). The structure and reproduction of corn. Reprint of: Research Bulletin No. 161. 1949. Agricultural Experiment Station, Lincoln, Nebraska. University of Nebraska Press. p. 93.
10. Laurie, D.A. & Bennett, M.D. (1986). Wheat x maize hybridization. Can. J. Genet. Cytol. 28, 313-316.
11. Mangelsdorf, P. C. & Reeves, R.G. (1939). The origin of Indian corn and its relatives. Texas Agric. Expt. Sta. Bull. 574.
12. Mangelsdorf, P. C. (1974). Corn: its Origin, Evolution and Improvement. Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, Mass.
13. Mangelsdorf, P. C., Roberts, L.M. & Rogers, J.S. (1981). The probable origin of annual teosintes. Bussey Inst., Harvard Univ. Publ. 10, 1- 69.
14. México, D.F. (1994). Maize seed industries revisited: emerging roles of the public and private sectors. World Maize Facts and Trends1993/94. CIMMYT.
15. Mink, S. D. & Dorosh, P.A. (1987). An overview of corn production. In: The Corn Economy of Indonesia. Cornell University Press, London.
16. Poehlman, J.M. (1959). Breeding Field Crops. Holt, New York, USA.
17. Purseglove, J.W. (1972). Tropical Crops: Monocotyledons 1. Longman Group Limited., London.
18. Radu, A, Urechean, V., Naidin, C. & Motorga, V. (1997). The theoretical significance of a mutant in the phylogeny of the species Zea mays L. Maize Newsletter 71, 77-78.
19. Rayor, G.S., Ogden, E.C. & Hayes, J.V. (1972). Dispersion and deposition of corn pollen from experimental sources. Agronomy Journal 64, 420-427.
20. Sears, M.K., Stanley-Horn, D.E. & Matilla, H.R. (2000). Ecological impact of Bt corn pollen on Monarch butterfly in Ontario. Canadian Food Inspection Agency (http://www.cfia-acia.agr.ca/english/ plaveg/pbo/btmone.shtml)
21. Sharma, A.B. (1998). Experts for conservation of wild crop varieties. The Financial Express. Indian Express Group.
22. Stoskopf, N.C. (1985). Cereal Grain Crops. Reston, Virginia: Reston Publishing Company, Inc., Prentice-Hall Company.
23. Watson, L. & Dallwitz, M.J. (1992). Grass Genera of the World: Descriptions, Illustrations, Identification, and Information Retrieval; including Synonyms, Morphology, Anatomy, Physiology, Phytochemistry, Cytology, Classification, Pathogens, World and Local Distribution, and References. Version:18th August 1999. http://biodiversity.uno.edu/delta
24. World Watch Institute (2000). Crop gene diversity declining. Trends in Plant Science 5, 7.
25. Wilkes, H.G. (1977). Hybridization of maize and teosinte, in Mexico and Guatemala and the improvement of maize. Economic Botany 31, 254-293.
LAST UPDATED: SEPTEMBER 2002

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Summary of Regulatory Approvals

Introduction Expand

Summary of Introduced Genetic Elements Expand

Characteristics of Zea mays (Maize) Expand

Donor Organism Characteristics Expand

Characteristics of the Modification Expand

Environmental Safety Considerations Expand

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Database Product Description

Summary of Regulatory Approvals

Introduction Expand

Summary of Introduced Genetic Elements Expand

Characteristics of Zea mays (Maize) Expand

Donor Organism Characteristics Expand

Characteristics of the Modification Expand

Environmental Safety Considerations Expand

Food and/or Feed Safety Considerations Expand

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Biology of Maize L.

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